Functional assessment of respiratory muscles and lung capacity of CrossFit athletes.

CrossFit is a high-intensity training related to physical fitness and respiratory capacity that can promote changes in lung function. This cross-sectional study was aimed at evaluating respiratory muscle strength, electromyographic (EMG) activity, and lung capacity in CrossFit athletes. Thirty subjects aged between 25 and 35 years were divided into groups: CrossFit athletes (n=15) and sedentary individuals without comorbidities (n=15). Respiratory muscle strength was evaluated using maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, lung capacity, and EMG of the sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, external intercostal, and diaphragm muscles at respiratory rest, maximal inspiration and expiration, and respiratory cycle. Data were tabulated and subjected to statistical analyses (t-test and Spearman test, P<0.05). Respiratory muscle strength on EMG of the sternocleidomastoid, serratus, external intercostal, and diaphragm muscles at the respiratory cycle and maximal forced inspiration and expiration were higher in the CrossFit athletes group than in the sedentary group without comorbidities. CrossFit athlete group showed significantly strong positive correlation between maximal inspiratory and expiratory muscle strengths (Spearman rho= 0.903, P=0.000), with increasing muscle strength during inspiration favoring an increase in strength during expiration. The forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) also showed a significantly high positive correlation (Spearman rho=0.912, P=0.000) in the CrossFit athletes group, showing that higher FVC favors higher FEV1. The results of this study suggest that improved fitness is based on increased respiratory muscle strength on EMG in CrossFit athletes.

Effect of Physical Training on Nitric Oxide Levels in Patients with Arterial Hypertension: An Integrative Review

Abstract The regular practice of physical exercise as a non-pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension (AH) has been encouraged due to causing a series of physiological responses in the cardiovascular system, such as the production of vasoactive substances, including nitric oxide (NO). NO is a relaxation factor released by the endothelium, and the decrease in its bioavailability is related to coronary and arterial diseases, such as AH. This study aimed to perform an integrative literature review to elucidate the effect of physical training on NO levels in patients with AH and to establish a relationship between these levels and blood pressure (BP) control. A literature review was was performed by searching PubMed / MEDLINE, Lilacs, Scielo, Cinahl and Embase databases. The search string used was ("arterial hypertension" OR hypertension) AND (exercise OR "physical exercise" OR "aerobic exercise" OR "exercise training" or "physical activity") AND ("nitric oxide"). We included fully available controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials published in English and Portuguese languages in the last 10 years. The review consisted of 16 articles, of which 13 reported an increase in NO production after the physical training intervention, and three studies found no change. In addition, 15 studies observed a reduction in BP after the intervention. In conclusion, regular practice of physical exercises, advocating moderate intensity, can improve NO bioavailability in pre-hypertensive and hypertensive individuals, which seems to be one of the mechanisms responsible for BP reduction.

Repercussão da oxigenoterapia domiciliar na qualidade de vida de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Repercussion of home oxygen therapy on the quality of life of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A hipoxemia encontrada na Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) deve-se a alterações de ventilação/perfusão, então oferecer uma fração inspiratória de oxigênio maior é a solução encontrada. Entretanto, embora aumente a sobrevida, o uso prolongado do oxigênio diminui a independência do indiví­duo, e estudar o impacto dessa intervenção na qualidade de vida (QV) desses pacientes é muito importante para a indicação na prática clí­nica. Objetivo: Identificar as implicações do uso da oxigenoterapia domiciliar na QV do DPOC. Material e métodos: Realizado o levantamento de artigos cientí­ficos nas bases de dados Pubmed, Lilacs e Scielo, com a string: "(COPD) AND (Oxygen therapy) AND (quality of life)", sendo incluí­dos ensaios clí­nicos randomizados, quasi randomizados, e observacionais, nos idiomas inglês e português, publicados de 2000 a 2017. Resultados: Nove estudos foram inseridos, sendo três ensaios clí­nicos randomizados e controlados. Apenas um estudo identificou melhora na QV, dois não encontraram diferença entre os grupos e quatro apresentaram piores escores com a oxigenoterapia. Dois estudos avaliaram a influência do tipo de dispositivo na QV. Conclusão: A oxigenoterapia parece piorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com DPOC. Porém, poucos foram os estudos encontrados e nem todos com o melhor desenho experimental, o que prejudica a confirmação dos resultados. (AU)

The hypoxemia observed in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is due to ventilation/perfusion changes, so a greater inspiratory fraction of oxygen could be the solution. However, while increasing survival, prolonged use of oxygen decreases the independence, and studying the impact of this intervention on the quality of life (QoL) of these patients is very important for indication in clinical practice. Objective: To identify the implications of the use of home oxygen therapy in COPD QoL. Methods: The search for scientific articles in the Pubmed, Lilacs and Scielo databases was performed with the string: "(COPD) AND (Oxygen therapy) AND (quality of life)", including randomized, quasi-randomized, and observational studies, published in English and Portuguese, from 2000 to 2017. Results: Nine studies were included, three of which were randomized and controlled clinical trials. Only one study identified improvement in QoL, two found no difference between groups, and four had worse scores with oxygen therapy. Two studies evaluated the influence of device type on QoL. Conclusion: Oxygen therapy seems to worsen the quality of life of patients with COPD. However, few studies have been found and not all with the best experimental design, which impairs the confirmation of the results. (AU)

Evolution of patients with heart disease after cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program: case report / Evolução de paciente cardiopata após protocolo de reabilitação cardiopulmonar: relato de caso

Abstract Introduction: Recovery and maintenance of patients suffering from heart and respiratory diseases using the cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program (CPRP) help maintain their functionality and improve the activities of daily living (ADLs) carried out according to their functional limitations. Objective: To investigate the efficacy of a CPRP in a patient with cardiopulmonary disease, following a 5-month training program. Methods: A 66-year-old female patient, body weight 78 kg, height 1.55 m, diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction and bronchial asthma underwent a six-minute walk test (6MWT) to measure exercise tolerance; the Wells Bench was used to measure the flexibility of the posterior chain and lower limbs (LL), and a hand-held dynamometer (HHD) was used to measure upper limb strength (ULS).Vital sign measurements include blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation (SpO2) as well as dyspnea and LL fatigue (modified Borg scale) at rest, during and after 5-month CPRP. Results: An increase of 145 meters during the cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program i.e. 30% of walk distance (WD) in the 6MWT (pre = 345, post = 490m). There was an increase of 32% in flexibility (pre = 13, post = 19cm); in right upper limb (pre = 26, post = 60 kgf) and left lower limb strength (pre = 28, post = 72kgf), there was an increase of 57% and 61%, respectively. Conclusion: The CPRP proved to be effective in increasing exercise capacity, upper limb strength and flexibility of the posterior chain and lower limbs.

Resumo Introdução: A recuperação e manutenção de pacientes que sofrem de problemas cardíacos e respiratórios utilizando o Protocolo de Reabilitação Cardiopulmonar (PRCP) auxiliam na funcionalidade e no desenvolvimento das atividades de vida diárias (AVD) respeitando os limites fisiológicos. Objetivo: Verificar a eficácia de um PRCP em uma paciente com doença cardiorrespiratória, após cinco meses de treinamento. Métodos: Foi avaliado um paciente, gênero feminino, 66 anos, peso 78 Kg, altura 1,55 m, apresentando infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) e asma brônquica, submetido a avaliação da tolerância ao exercício pelo Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos (TC6), da flexibilidade da cadeia posterior e de membros inferiores (MMII) pelo Banco de Wells e avaliação da força de membros superiores (MMSS) pela dinamometria, com mensuração dos sinais vitais: pressão arterial (PA), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), bem como dispnéia e cansaço de MMII avaliados pela Escala de Borg (EB-CR10), em repouso, durante e após a realização dos testes, pré e pós cinco meses do PRCP. Resultados: Verificou-se aumento de 145 metros no período do PRCP, ou seja, 30% da distância percorrida (DP) no TC6 (pré=345, pós=490 metros), na flexibilidade (pré=13, pós=19cm) observou-se um aumento de 32% e na força de MMSS observou-se para MSD (pré=26, pós=60 Kgf) e MSE (pré=28, pós=72 Kgf) um aumento de 57% e 61% respectivamente. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o PRCP no caso relatado mostrou-se eficaz no aumento da capacidade de exercício, força de MMSS e flexibilidade da cadeia posterior e de MMII.

Comparação de diferentes testes funcionais de membros inferiores em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica: há concordância entre eles? / Comparison of different functional tests of lower limbs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: there is concordance between them?

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) apresentam diminuição da capacidade funcional, tornando imprescindível a sua avaliação por meio de testes físicos funcionais. OBJETIVOS: Comparar, em pacientes com DPOC, saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), dispneia e fadiga de membros inferiores (MMII) nos testes de caminhada de seis minutos em corredor (TC6) e em pista oval (TC6Po), do degrau de seis minutos (TD6) e de sentar-e-levantar da cadeira de dois minutos (TSL). Além disso, pretende-se verificar se há correlação e concordância dessas variáveis entre o TC6 e os demais testes. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 11 pacientes com DPOC (71 ± 8 anos, VEF1 < 80% previsto) por meio dos testes. RESULTADOS: Na análise intertestes, não se observaram diferenças significativas nos deltas da SpO2, dispneia (Δdispneia) e fadiga de MMII (ΔfadigaMMII). Constatou-se correlação significante, mas não concordância entre os menores valores da SpO2 no TC6 com os menores valores da SpO2 nos TC6Po, TD6 e TSL, sendo a média da diferença entre as médias com ± 1,96 desvio padrão: 0,8 ± 3,5; -1,9 ± 3,5 e -2,5 ± 4,6, respectivamente; entre Δdispneia e ΔfadigaMMII no TC6 com Δdispneia e ΔfadigaMMII no TC6Po: 0,0 ± 1,0 e 0,4 ± 0,8, respectivamente; e do ΔfadigaMMII no TC6 com ΔfadigaMMII no TSL: 0,1 ± 1,1. CONCLUSÃO: Os testes funcionais produziram respostas de oxigenação e perceptuais de esforço semelhantes em magnitude. Entretanto, de acordo com as variáveis analisadas, não foi encontrada concordância entre o TC6 com os demais testes, pelas grandes variações dos limites de concordância e grande variação interindividual, assim o TC6Po, TD6 e TSL não substitui o TC6.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have reduced functional capacity, becoming indispensable to their evaluation through functional physical tests. OBJECTIVE: To compare the peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), dyspnea and fatigue of the lower limbs (LL), between the six-minute walk test in hallway (6MWT) and the of oval track (6MWToT), the six-minute step test (6MST) and the sit--to-stand test (STST), in patients with COPD; also verifying correlate and concordance of these variables between 6MWT and other tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients with COPD (72 ± 7 years, FEV1 < 80% predicted) were assessed using the functional tests. RESULTS: In the inter-tests analysis, there was no significant difference in SpO2 and in the change in dyspnea (Δdyspnea) and fatigue in the lower-limbs (ΔfatigueLL) between rest and exercise of peak (Δ). Significant correlation were observed, but no concordance between the lowest values of SpO2 in the 6MWT with lowest values of SpO2 in 6MWToT, 6MST and STST, and the mean of difference between the mean with standard deviation ± 1.96: 0.8 ± 3.5%, -1.9 ± 3.5% and -2.5 ± 4.6%, respectively; and between Δdyspnea and ΔfatigueLL in the 6MWT with the Δdyspnea and ΔfatigueLL in the 6MWToT: 0.0 ± 1.0 and 0.4 ± 0.8, respectively; and ΔfatigueLL in the 6MWT with ΔfatigueLL in the STST: 0.1 ± 1.1. CONCLUSION: The functional tests assess oxygenation and perceived effort responses similar in magnitude. However, according to the variables analyzed, weren't found correlation between the 6MWT with the 6MWToT, 6MST and STST, by the large variations in the limits of agreement and large interindividual variation, thereby the 6MWToT, 6MST and STST and doesn't replace the 6MWT.

Relationship between exercise capacity and quality of life in adolescents with asthma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the quality of life of adolescents with asthma correlates with parameters obtained prior to and after the six-minute step test (6MST); spirometric results after the 6MST; and level of physical activity. METHODS: Nineteen adolescents with asthma, ranging from 11-15 years of age, were assessed with spirometry, 6MST, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ), and the 10-point Borg category-ratio (CR10) scale. RESULTS: Sensation of dyspnea correlated negatively with the total PAQLQ score (r = -0.54) and with the scores of its activity limitation (AL) and symptoms domains (r = -0.64 and r = -0.63, respectively), leg fatigue also correlating negatively with those same domains (r = -0.49 and r = -0.56, respectively). The total IPAQ score correlated with total PAQLQ score (r = 0.47) and with the PAQLQ AL domain (r = 0.51); IPAQ time spent walking correlated with the PAQLQ symptoms domain (r = 0.45); and IPAQ time spent in vigorous activity correlated with the AL domain (r = 0.50). In the regression analysis, only sensation of dyspnea remained significantly correlated with the total PAQLQ score and its AL domain; leg fatigue remained significantly correlated with the symptoms domain. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of physical activity indicate better quality of life, as do lower perception of dyspnea and less leg fatigue. The 6MST proved to be a viable option for evaluating exercise capacity in adolescents with asthma, because it reflects the discomfort that asthma causes during activities of daily living.

Relação da capacidade de exercício com a qualidade de vida de adolescentes asmáticos / Relationship between exercise capacity and quality of life in adolescents with asthma

OBJETIVO: Determinar se parâmetros obtidos antes e depois da realização do teste do degrau de seis minutos (TD6), respostas espirométricas após o TD6 e o nível de atividade física se correlacionam com a qualidade de vida de adolescentes asmáticos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 19 adolescentes asmáticos, com idades variando de 11-15 anos, por meio de espirometria, TD6, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física), Questionário sobre a Qualidade de Vida na Asma Pediátrica (QQVAP) e escala CR10 de Borg. RESULTADOS: Houve correlações negativas entre sensação de dispneia e pontuação total do QQVAP (r = -0,54) e de seus domínios limitação nas atividades (LA) e sintomas (r = -0,64 e r = -0,63, respectivamente), assim como entre fadiga nos membros inferiores (MMII) e os mesmos domínios (r = -0,49 e r = -0,56, respectivamente). O escore total do IPAQ correlacionou-se com a pontuação total do QQVAP (r = 0,47) e o domínio LA (r = 0,51), enquanto o tempo de caminhada correlacionou-se com o domínio sintomas (r = 0,45), e o tempo de atividade intensa correlacionou-se com o domínio LA (r = 0,50). Na análise de regressão, somente a sensação de dispneia associou-se significativamente ao escore total e o domínio limitação nas atividades do QQVAP, e o mesmo ocorreu entre a fadiga dos MMII e o domínio sintomas. CONCLUSÕES: Quanto maior for o nível de atividade física e menor for a dispneia e a fadiga nos MMII, melhor é a qualidade de vida. O TD6 mostrou-se uma opção na avaliação da capacidade ao exercício desses indivíduos por refletir o incômodo que a asma provoca na prática das atividades da vida diária.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the quality of life of adolescents with asthma correlates with parameters obtained prior to and after the six-minute step test (6MST); spirometric results after the 6MST; and level of physical activity. METHODS: Nineteen adolescents with asthma, ranging from 11-15 years of age, were assessed with spirometry, 6MST, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ), and the 10-point Borg category-ratio (CR10) scale. RESULTS: Sensation of dyspnea correlated negatively with the total PAQLQ score (r = -0.54) and with the scores of its activity limitation (AL) and symptoms domains (r = -0.64 and r = -0.63, respectively), leg fatigue also correlating negatively with those same domains (r = -0.49 and r = -0.56, respectively). The total IPAQ score correlated with total PAQLQ score (r = 0.47) and with the PAQLQ AL domain (r = 0.51); IPAQ time spent walking correlated with the PAQLQ symptoms domain (r = 0.45); and IPAQ time spent in vigorous activity correlated with the AL domain (r = 0.50). In the regression analysis, only sensation of dyspnea remained significantly correlated with the total PAQLQ score and its AL domain; leg fatigue remained significantly correlated with the symptoms domain. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of physical activity indicate better quality of life, as do lower perception of dyspnea and less leg fatigue. The 6MST proved to be a viable option for evaluating exercise capacity in adolescents with asthma, because it reflects the discomfort that asthma causes during activities of daily living.

Hidrocinesioterapia no tratamento fisioterapêutico de um lactente com Síndrome de Down: estudo de caso / Hydrotherapy at physiotherapy treatment for an infant with Down Syndrome: a case study

INTRODUÇÃO: Os deficit sensoriais presentes na Síndrome de Down podem interferir no controle da postura, movimentos, equilíbrio e coordenação, por isso é importante a intervenção fisioterapêutica, porém a literatura é escassa em relação aos efeitos da terapia aquática. OBJETIVO: Investigar a eficácia da hidrocinesioterapia como método complementar de tratamento fisioterapêutico na aquisição de habilidades motoras grossas de um lactente com Síndrome de Down e deficiência auditiva. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Participou da pesquisa um lactente com Síndrome de Down, sexo masculino, 1 ano e 4 meses de idade, com perda auditiva bilateral de grau severo. O desenvolvimento motor foi avaliado por meio da Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), na pré-intervenção e nas Etapas I e II da pós-intervenção. Na Etapa I, foi realizada a intervenção em solo, baseada no conceito neuroevolutivo; na Etapa II, intervenção em solo e na hidrocinesioterapia. Totalizaram ambas as etapas 24 sessões. RESULTADOS: Após as Etapas I e II, foi observado aumento de três pontos no escore bruto da AIMS, passando de 11 para 14 habilidades na Etapa I, e a 17 habilidades na Etapa II. Após a Etapa I, ocorreram ganhos de um ponto nos escores das posturas supino, sentado e em pé, e após a Etapa II, ganho de um ponto no escore da postura prona e dois na postura sentada. CONCLUSÃO: A intervenção hidroterapêutica propiciou a estimulação sensorial e o aprimoramento do controle e do fortalecimento dos músculos do tronco do lactente com Síndrome de Down, refletindo melhor desempenho motor nas posturas antigravitacionais, prona e sentada.

INTRODUCTION: The sensorial deficits presented at Down Syndrome may interfere in the posture control, movements, balance and coordination. Therefore, it the physiotherapy intervention is important. However, the literature is scarce regarding the aquatic therapy effects. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of hydrokinesiotherapy such as a complementary method of physiotherapy treatment in the acquisition of gross motor skills in an infant with Down Syndrome and hearing deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One infant with Down Syndrome, male, 1 year and 4 months old, with severe bilateral hearing deficiency participated of this study. The gross motor development was assessed by Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), which was applied in pre-intervention and in Step I and II post-intervention. Step I was physiotherapy intervention on the floor based on Neuroevolutive Concept. Step II was Neuroevolutive Concept plus hydrokynesiotherapy. Both the steps were conducted in 24 sessions. RESULTS: After Step I and II, there was an increase of three points in total score of AIMS, ranging from 11 to 14 and from 14 to 17, respectively. After Step I, one point increased in postures supine, sitting and standing; one and two points increased in the posture prone and sitting respectively, after Step II. CONCLUSION: Hydrokinesiotherapy improved the sensorial stimulation and control and strengthening of muscles of the trunk, reflecting a better motor performance of antigravity postures, prone and sitting.

Teste do degrau e teste da cadeira: comportamento das respostas metábolo-ventilatórias e cardiovasculares na DPOC / Step test and sit-to-stand test: behavior of metabolic, ventilatory and cardiovascular responses in patients with COPD

OBJETIVOS: Verificar as respostas metabólicas, ventilatórias, cardiovasculares e de percepção de esforço entre o isotime de dois minutos do teste do degrau (TD2) e o teste do degrau de seis minutos (TD6) com o teste de sentar-se e levantar-se da cadeira de dois minutos (TSL) nos indivíduos com DPOC. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 11 homens com DPOC (71 ± 8 anos, VEF1 = 46,1 ± 15,2% previsto), clinicamente estáveis, por meio do TD6 e TSL associados à análise de gases e à coleta de lactato sanguíneo, realizadas em dias diferentes e não consecutivos. No TD2 e TD6, os indivíduos foram instruídos a subir e descer um degrau de 20 cm de altura o mais rápido possível. O mesmo foi recomendado no TSL, que foi realizado em uma cadeira de 46 cm de altura. RESULTADOS:Na análise intertestes não se observou diferença significativa nas variáveis metábolo-ventilatórias, cardiovasculares e Δdispneia no pico de ambos os testes, bem como no TD2. Quanto ao Δfrequκncia cardíaca e ao Δfadiga nos membros inferiores, constataram-se valores significantemente maiores para o TSL comparado ao TD2; e correlações positivas entre o consumo de oxigênio, Δfrequência cardíaca e os desempenhos no TD2 e TD6, entre os desempenhos no TD6 e TSL, e no TD2 com TSL. CONCLUSÃO:Os testes realizados apresentaram respostas metábolo-ventilatórias, cardiovasculares e dispneia similares; e o TD2 mostrou-se uma alternativa para avaliar as limitações funcionais dos indivíduos com DPOC de obstrução grave, proporcionando menor estresse cardiovascular e fadiga muscular se comparado ao TSL, pelas exigências metabólicas periféricas e ajustes posturais.

OBJECTIVES: Verify the metabolic, ventilatory, cardiovascular and perceived effort responses between the isotime two minute step test (2MST) and six minute step test (6MST) with two minute sit-to-stand test (STST) in individuals with COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS:11 men with COPD (71 ± 8 years, FEV1 = 46.1 ± 15.2% predicted), clinically stable, were evaluation by STST and 6MST associated gas analysis and blood lactate in days which were not consecutive and not coincidental. In the 6MST and 2MST, the subjects were instructed ascend-to-descend a step 20 cm in height as quickly as possible. It was recommended that in the STST was performed in a chair 46 cm high. RESULTS: In the inter-tests analysis, there was no significant difference in the metabolic, ventilatory, cardiovascular variables and delta of variation (Δ) dyspnea at the peak of both tests, and 2MST. The Δheart frequency and Δfatigue in the lower limbs were significantly higher compared to STST for 2MST. We observed moderate and strong positive correlations between oxygen consumption, Δheart frequency and performances in 2MST and 6MST, between performances in 6MST and STST, and 2MST with STST. CONCLUSION: The tests showed metabolic, ventilatory, cardiovascular and dyspnoea responses similar; and 2MST, can be alternative to assess the functional limitations of individuals with COPD severe obstruction, providing a lower cardiovascular stress and muscle fatigue compared to the STST, the peripheral metabolic requirements and postural adjustments.

Relação da medida da amplitude tóraco-abdominal de adolescentes asmáticos e saudáveis com seu desempenho físico / Relationship of the measure of the amplitude thoracoabdominal in asthmatics and healthy adolescents with the physical performance

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar as diferenças das amplitudes tóraco-abdominais nos três níveis (axilar, xifoide e abdominal), nos adolescentes asmáticos e nos saudáveis, e compará-las entre eles. Além de relacioná-las com a capacidade de exercício físico. Materiais e métodos: Foram avaliados 38adolescentes, na faixa etária dos 11 aos 15 anos, de ambos os sexos, sendo 19 adolescentes asmáticos, que compuseram o grupo asmático (GA), e 19 saudáveis, que compuseram o grupo saudável (GS). Foi preenchida uma ficha de anamnese e realizada a avaliação antropométrica, espirométrica, o teste do degrau deseis minutos (TD6) e a cirtometria, e calculado o índice de amplitude tóraco-abdominal (IA) Resultados:Observou-se diferença significativa para IA entre os níveis axilar e abdominal e xifoidiano e abdominal em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença significativa quanto ao IA entre os grupos. Somente no GA houve correlação positiva do número total de subidas no TD6 com o IA axilar e xifoide. Conclusão: Para adolescentes com asma intermitente e persistente leve não houve diferença na cirtometria tóraco-abdominal quando comparados aos saudáveis e houve correlação dos IA axilar e xifoidiano com o desempenho físico no TD6.

AIMS: The aims were verify the differences of amplitude thoracoabdominal by cirtometry, at the levels axillary, xiphoid and abdominal in asthmatics and healthy adolescents and to compare the difference between them. In addition correlate them with the physical exercise capacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty eight adolescents were assessed, aged from 11 to 15 years, of both sex. Nineteen were asthmatic adolescent, which composed the asthmatic group (AG), and nineteen were health adolescents, which composed the healthy group (HG). A clinical history was provided and all subjects were submitted an anthropometric and spirometric evaluation, the six minute step test (6MST), the cirtometry, and was calculated the amplitude thoracoabdominal index (TAI).RESULTS: Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed to TAI, between axillary and abdominal levels, and xiphoid and abdominal levels in both group. No significant difference in regard to TAI between groups. Only in the AG there was positive correlation of the total number of ascent in the 6MST with the axillary and xiphoid TAI (r = 0,57 e r = 0,50; p < 0,05). CONCLUSION: There were no difference in the thoracic and abdominal cirtometry in adolescents with intermittent and persistent mild asthma when compared with the healthy adolescents and there were correlation axillary and xiphoid TAI with the physical performance in the 6MST.

Efeitos do treinamento físico em indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Effects of physical training in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar e comparar a influência do treinamento físico (TF) associado ou não à ventilação não invasiva (VNI) sobre a distância percorrida (DP), oxigenação e sensação de dispneia no teste cardiopulmonar limitado por sintomas (TCP), teste de caminhada de seis minutos em esteira rolante (TC6E)e teste de caminhada de seis minutos em corredor (TC6C). METODOLOGIA: Foram avaliados 22 indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) com obstrução moderada a grave (VEF1/CFV < 70% e 30% d'VERF1 < 80 % do previsto), divididos aleatoriamente em: G1: TF em esteira rolante e G2:TF em esteira rolante associado à VNI. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se par ao G1 alterações significativas da DP e oxigenação no TCP e TC6C. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que o TF pode aumentar a tolerância ao exercício, verificado pelo aumento da DP e manutenção da sensação de dispnéia para maiores distâncias percorridas no G1 e pelo aumento da oxigenação para o G2; demonstrando a eficácia do TF associado ou não a VNI no tratamento de indivíduos com DOPC de moderada a grave obstrução.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to evaluate and measure the influence of physical training (PT) associated or no to the use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) about the walk distance (WD), oxygen saturation and dyspnea sensation during the cardiopulmonary test (CT), 6-minute walk distance on a treadmill (6MWDT) and 6-minute walk distance on a corridor (6MWDC). METHODS: Twenty-two chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subjects with moderate to severe obstruction were evaluated (FEV1/ MVV<80% and FEV1<60% predicted), randomized in: G1: PT on a treadmill and G2: PT on a treadmill associated to NIV. RESULTS: There were significant WD and oxygen saturation alterations for the G1 at the CT, 6MWDT and 6MWDC and significant WD alterations at the CT, 6MWDT and 6MWDC and significant oxygen saturation alterations at the CT and 6MWDC, for the G2. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, o PT can improve the tolerance to physical exercise, what was verified through improve of WD and maintained of dyspnea sensation for long walk distances at the G1 and through improve of oxygen saturation at the G2, showing the PT efficacy associated or no to the use of NIV in the treatment of COPD subjects with moderate to severe obstruction.

Relationship of BODE Index to functional tests in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is a correlation between the BODE Index and variables assessed during the Activities of Daily Living assessment, performance on lower limber tests, and peripheral muscle impairment of the upper limb in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten men (aged 58 to 80 years old) with moderate to very severe obstruction were evaluated and classified by the BODE Index. They were evaluated by pulmonary ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), and carbonic gas production (VCO2) on the ADL assessment; Distance Walking (DW) in the Six Minute Walking Test (6MWT) and the Six Minute Walking Test on Treadmill (6MWTT); number of repetitions in the Sit-to-Stand Test; and the Hand Grip Strength Test. Correlations were evaluated between the classification and the tests performed (Pearson and Spearman test, p<0.05). RESULTS: The mean of the total score for the BODE Index was 2.80 (+/-1.03), with three patients scoring in the first quartile (Q1) and seven scoring in the second quartile (Q2). This Index showed a negative correlation with the 6MWTT (r=-0.86), the Sit-to-Stand Test (r=-0.66), and the Hand Grip Strength Test (r=-0.83). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that there is no correlation between the BODE Index and the ventilatory and metabolic responses in the Activities of Daily Living assessment. On the other hand, a correlation was observed between the BODE Index and the variables assessed in the 6MWTT, Sit-to-Stand Test, and Hand Grip Strength Test in moderate to very severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients. This suggests that these tests can be employed as predictors of physical exercise capacity, perhaps as complementary tests to the BODE Index.

Relationship of BODE Index to functional tests in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is a correlation between the BODE Index and variables assessed during the Activities of Daily Living assessment, performance on lower limber tests, and peripheral muscle impairment of the upper limb in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten men (aged 58 to 80 years old) with moderate to very severe obstruction were evaluated and classified by the BODE Index. They were evaluated by pulmonary ventilation (V•E), oxygen consumption (V•O2), and carbonic gas production (V•CO2) on the ADL assessment; Distance Walking (DW) in the Six Minute Walking Test (6MWT) and the Six Minute Walking Test on Treadmill (6MWTT); number of repetitions in the Sit-to-Stand Test; and the Hand Grip Strength Test. Correlations were evaluated between the classification and the tests performed (Pearson and Spearman test, p<0.05). RESULTS: The mean of the total score for the BODE Index was 2.80 (±1.03), with three patients scoring in the first quartile (Q1) and seven scoring in the second quartile (Q2). This Index showed a negative correlation with the 6MWTT (r=-0.86), the Sit-to-Stand Test (r=-0.66), and the Hand Grip Strength Test (r=-0.83). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that there is no correlation between the BODE Index and the ventilatory and metabolic responses in the Activities of Daily Living assessment. On the other hand, a correlation was observed between the BODE Index and the variables assessed in the 6MWTT, Sit-to-Stand Test, and Hand Grip Strength Test in moderate to very severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients. This suggests that these tests can be employed as predictors of physical exercise capacity, perhaps as complementary tests to the BODE Index.

Avaliação da tolerância ao esforço físico durante o teste de caminhada em esteira em indivíduos com doença oulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Evaluation of the tolerance of physical forces during the walk test in treadmill in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

O Teste de Caminhada de 6 Minutos em Esteira (TC6E) tem sido utilizado como um dos testes de avaliação funcional em indivíduos com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC). Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a demanda metabólica (VO2/VO2max), ventilatória (VE /VVM), a oxigenação (SpO2) e sensação de dispnéia (SD) durante TC6E, entre indivíduos saudáveis e portadores de DPOC. Foram avaliados 22 homens; 12 com DPOC, Grupo 1 (G1) (VEF1<60% do previsto, 73,5±3,6 anos) e 10 saudáveis, Grupo 2 (G2) (63,3±5,3anos). Para análise do VO2/ VO2max e VE/VVM foi utilizado um sistema metabólico. Na análise intergrupo (Mann-Whitney; p<0,05) em relação a VO2/VO2max constatou-se diferença significativa tanto na situação basal (repouso), como durante o TC6E. Para as variáveis VE/VVM, SpO2 e SD, verificou-se esta diferença apenas na situação basal. Em relação a situação basal e o TC6E para ambos os grupos, observou-se diferença significativa (Wilcoxon, p<0,01) no que se refere a VO2/VO2max e VE/VVM. Para a oxigenação, constatou-se este comportamento apenas para o G1, e em relação a SD, para ambos os grupos. Conclui-se que houve maior demanda metabólica e ventilatória para G1 e que o TC6E caracterizou-se como uma atividade intensa para ambos os grupos; sugerindo a necessidade de melhor fundamentação da metodologia do teste.

The Six Minute Walk Test on Treadmill (6MWT) was used as the functional evaluation in individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The objectives of this study was to evaluate the Metabolic (VO2/VO2max) and Ventilatory (VE/MVV) Demand, oxygenation and sensation of dyspnea during the 6MWT in healthy individuals and individuals with COPD. 22 males were evaluated, 12 with COPD classified as Group 1 (G1) (FEV1<60%; average age 73.5±6.3), and 10 healthy individuals (average age 63.3±5.3), classified as Group 2 (G2). For analysis between the VO2/VO2max and VE/MVV following the metabolic system. In analysis between groups (Mann-Whitney; p?0.05) in relation the VO2/VO2max there was a significant difference both in basal situation (rest), and during the 6MWT. For the variables VE/MVV, SpO2 and SD, verified difference only in basal situation. In relation to the basal situation and the 6MWT for both groups, there was a significant difference (Wilcoxon, p<0.01) on that refers to the VO2/VO2max and VE/MVV. For oxygenation, verified this behavior only for G1 and in relation to SD, for both groups. Concluded that there was more metabolic and ventilatory for G1 and the 6MWT characterizes itself as an activity of high intensity even for individuals with COPD, like healthy individuals; suggesting the necessity that methodology of this test is well grounded and studied.

[Analysis of metabolic and ventilatory demand during the execution of daily life activities in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. / Análise da demanda metabólica e ventilatória durante a execução de atividades de vida diária em indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica.

Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) report that fatigue and dyspnea are the main symptoms experienced as a result of efforts made during the realization of daily life activities (DLA). Based on this context, this study aimed to analyze and compare individuals with COPD (FEV1<60%), classified as Group 1 (G1) and healthy individuals, classified as Group 2 (G2), during the execution of five DLA. The chosen DLA were: changing a light bulb (L); lifting a weight (LW); sweeping (S); climbing steps (CA) and walking on a treadmill (WT). The following variables were monitored during these activities: metabolic (MR) and ventilatory reserve (VR); heart rate reserve (HRR); oxygenation and sensation of dyspnea (SD). For G1, there was a significant decrease in the MR compared with resting (R) for each of the five DLA (Friedman ANOVA; p<0.05). For G2, differences were found for LW, S, CA and WT. Between the groups, there was a difference for WT (Mann-Whitney; p<0.05). In relation to the VR for G1, there was a significant decrease for L, LW, CA and S when compared with resting (R), against differences in LW, S, CA and WT for G2. Between G1 and G2, differences were found for R, L, LW and CA. In relation to HRR, for G1 and G2, there was a significant decrease for the DLA when compared with R. For oxygenation between groups, there was a difference for the five DLA when compared with resting (R); as to the sensation of dyspnea, differences were found for L, LW, S, CA & WT. Individuals with COPD present a decrease in MR, VR and HRR during the realization of DLA, which can explain the fatigue and dyspnea they report.

Análise da demanda metabólica e ventilatória durante a execução de atividades de vida diária em indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Analysis of metabolic and ventilatory demand during the execution of daily life activities in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Indivíduos com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) relatam como principais sintomas a fadiga e dispnéia aos mínimos esforços envolvidos nas Atividades de Vida Diária (AVD). Baseados nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e comparar indivíduos com DPOC (VEF1<60 por cento) Grupo 1 (G1) e indivíduos saudáveis Grupo 2 (G2), durante a realização de cinco AVD: trocar lâmpada (L), elevar peso (P), varrer (V), subir degrau (D) e caminhar em esteira rolante (C) nos seguintes aspectos: reserva metabólica (RM) e ventilatória (RV), de freqüência cardíaca (RFC), oxigenação e sensação de dispnéia (SD). De acordo com os resultados, constatou-se diminuição significativa da RM para o G1 em relação ao repouso (R) para as 5 AVD (Friedman ANOVA; p<0,05), para o G2 nas AVD P, V, D e C. Entre os grupos observou-se diferença significativa na AVD C (Mann-Whitney; p<0,05). No que se refere à RV para o G1 verificou-se diminuição significativa nas AVD L, P, D, V em relação ao R e para o G2, AVD P, V, D e C, entre G1 e G2 nas situações de R, L, P e D. Em relação à RFC para o G1 e G2 houve diminuição significativa nas 5 AVD em relação ao R; e entre eles, AVD P, L e V. Para oxigenação, entre os grupos houve diferença nas 5 AVD; e SD nas AVD L, P, V, D e C. Conclui-se que os indivíduos com DPOC apresentaram diminuição da RM, RV e RFC durante a realização das AVD, o que pode explicar a fadiga e dispnéia por eles relatada

Análise da intensidade e tolerância ao esforço físico durante o Teste de caminhada em esteira em indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Analysis of the intensity and tolerance of physical forces during yhe walk test in treadmill in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Introdução: O Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em Esteira (TC6E) tem sido utilizado como recurso funcional na avaliação e reavaliação da tolerância ao esforço físico em indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) para subsidiar programas de treinamento físico. Objetivo: Analisar e comparar a intensidade e a tolerância ao esforço físico por meio da demanda metabólica V(O2/VO2max), ventilatória VE/VVM) e sensação de dispnéia durante TC6E, entre indivíduos com DPOC de obstrução moderada e grave e indivíduos saudáveis, na mesma faixa etária. Métodos: foram avaliados 40 indivíduos do sexo masculino, sendo 10 com DPOC grave...